Human aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) comprising 19 isoenzymes play a vital role on both endogenous and exogenous detoxification. This NAD(P)-dependent catalytic process relies on the intact structural and functional activity of the cofactor binding, substrate interaction, and the oligomerization of ALDHs. Disruptions on the activity of ALDHs, however, could result in the accumulation of cytotoxic aldehydes, which have been linked with a wide range of diseases, including both cancers as well as neurological and developmental disorders. In our previous work, we have successfully characterised the structure–function relationships of the missense variants of other proteins ranging across different diseases. We have therefore applied a similar analysis pipeline to identify potential molecular drivers of pathogenic ALDH missense mutations. Variant data across all 19 genes were first carefully curated and labelled as cancer-risk, non-cancer diseases, and benign, followed by the modelling of protein-ligand complexes using AlphaFold2 and AutoDock Vina. We then leveraged various computational biophysical methods to describe the changes on protein stability, protein-protein interaction within the ALDH dimer, and ALDH-substrate binding affinity caused by missense mutations, informing a bias of detrimental mutations with destabilising effects of ALDH monomer. Cooperating with these insights, several machine learning approaches were further utilised to investigate the combination of features, revealing the necessity of conservation across all human ALDHs. Our work aims to provide important biological perspectives on pathogenic consequences of missense mutations of ALDHs, which could be invaluable resources in the development of cancer treatment.